Anatomy of the Rectum, Risk Factors, and Rectal Cancer Epidemiology in Costa Rica

The rectum is the final portion of the large intestine and plays a key role in temporarily storing stool before defecation. Anatomically, it extends from the rectosigmoid junction—located around the level of the third sacral vertebra (S3)—to the anal canal, ending at the anorectal ring. Its anatomical boundaries include the mesorectal fascia and nearby pelvic structures such as the bladder, prostate in men, and the vagina and uterus in women.

Rectal cancer is a malignant tumor that originates in the mucosal lining of the rectum. It is part of the colorectal cancer spectrum, although its treatment and prognosis may differ due to its specific location within the pelvis.

The main risk factors for developing rectal cancer include a family history of colorectal cancer, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease), a diet high in fat and low in fiber, physical inactivity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity. Older age (typically over 50) and certain hereditary syndromes also increase the risk.

In Costa Rica, data from the National Cancer Registry show that the province of San José reports the highest incidence of rectal cancer. This may be attributed to a larger urban population and greater access to healthcare services, which allows for more frequent diagnosis and detection.

The treatment of rectal cancer requires a multidisciplinary approach. Radiation Oncology plays a crucial role, especially in locally advanced cases. A combination of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery has proven effective in reducing tumor size before surgery (neoadjuvant treatment), lowering the risk of recurrence, and preserving important anatomical functions.

Dr. Rolando Loría Ruiz, a Radiation Oncologist in Costa Rica, is recognized for his expertise in the comprehensive management of rectal cancer. Through his website www.drrolandoloria.com, he provides reliable and updated information on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of rectal and other types of cancer.

Early detection through colonoscopy and timely consultation with a medical specialist are essential to improving outcomes and ensuring a better quality of life for patients.