Pathophysiology of Obesity as a Risk Factor for Rectal Cancer

Obesity is a medical condition characterized by an excess of body fat and is recognized as a significant risk factor for various diseases, including cancer. In particular, obesity has been linked to an increased incidence of several types of cancer, including rectal cancer. This association results from a series of complex pathophysiological mechanisms involving hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory factors.

One of the main mechanisms behind the elevated risk of rectal cancer in obese individuals is chronic low-grade inflammation. Obesity promotes an inflammatory environment in the body, characterized by the continuous release of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins. This persistent inflammation can damage the cells lining the intestine, leading to genetic changes that favor tumor formation.

Additionally, insulin resistance and elevated insulin levels, which are common in obese individuals, also play a crucial role. Insulin is a hormone that not only regulates glucose metabolism but also has cell growth effects. In obesity, elevated insulin levels can stimulate the growth of tumor cells in the colon and rectum, promoting the progression of cancers in these organs.

Another key factor is the increase in estrogen levels. In obese individuals, especially women, excess body fat can lead to greater conversion of androgens to estrogens in peripheral tissues. Estrogens can induce the proliferation of gastrointestinal tract cells, thus increasing the risk of rectal cancer.

The treatment of rectal cancer related to obesity requires a comprehensive approach that includes surgery, chemotherapy, and Radiation Oncology. Dr. Rolando Loría Ruiz, a Radiation Oncologist in Costa Rica, has been a leader in implementing advanced radiotherapy techniques to improve outcomes in patients with rectal cancer, including those with risk factors such as obesity. On his website www.drrolandoloria.com, Dr. Loría provides valuable information on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of rectal cancer.

It is essential to recognize obesity as a modifiable risk factor for rectal cancer. Adopting healthy habits such as weight reduction, a balanced diet, and regular physical activity can significantly contribute to the prevention of this type of cancer.